Tobacco Dock (and other specialist warehouses)

When the docks were built - left, from church tower looking south - they fell between the parishes of St George-in-the-East and St John Wapping, but were then included within the new parishes of St Paul Dock Street (now part of this parish) and St Peter London Dock (one of our 'daughter churches' and now joined with St John Wapping, whose church has gone). The current boundary now runs along East Smithfield and Pennington Street, so that almost all the former docks area falls within St Peter's parish, apart from some buildings along The Highway and the vacant lot north of Tobacco Dock. See here for details of wool warehouses in the parish.

London and St Katharine's Docks   [see also Harry Jones' colourful 1875 account here, which describes further features, such as the army of 300 cats maintained for vermin control, and the indigo trade]

The West India Docks were the first to be opened (1800-02), followed shortly by the massive London Docks complex, begun on the marshes of Wapping in 1801 and opened for business four years later; the Scot John Rennie was the chief engineer. The tobacco warehouses formed part of this. The initial cost was £4m. The massive wall alone, enclosing over 70 acres of buildings, quays and jetties, cost £65,000 - defence was a key factor, because piracy was rampant. In 1800 professional bandits such as the River Pirates, the Light Horsemen, the Heavy Horseman and the Mudlarks, each with their own techniques and working with the connivance of corrupt crews, stole £800,000 of goods from the open river. The western dock covered 20 acres of water, the eastern dock 7 acres, and between them was a dedicated 1-acre tobacco dock. There were two entrances from the Thames, at Wapping Old Stairs and (less used) Hermitage. To this was added Shadwell Dock in 1831, with an additional eastern entrance from the Thames, increasing the overall area of the Docks to over 90 acres. [1831 map of the original site, left, by Henry Palmer]. The street entrance was on The Highway, opposite Ensign Street.

St Katharine's Docks, a 24-acre site between the Tower and London Docks, was begun in 1824 (with Thomas Telford as the chief engineer) and opened in 1828, at a cost of over £2m. This involved the 'happy' removal (as one contemporary commentator put it) of the old Hospital and Collegiate Church of St. Katharine, and 1250 slum houses accommodating 12,000 people (and see here for the former workhouse on the site). However, this had the distinctly unhappy consequence of breaking the link between the royal foundation of St Katharine's and the East End, first established by Queen Matilda in 1147 – together with considerable charitable endowments, which were only partly compensated for by new arrangements. (Map right from 1872.] The foundation moved to Regent's Park and became a middle-class almshouse. Later in the 19th century local clergy pressed for the return of the foundation and its funds to the East End, but this did not come about until after the Second World War when the Royal Foundation of St Katharine's was re-established on the blitzed site of St James Ratcliff church and vicarage (with the approval of Queen Mary, the Patron at that time), with Fr Groser, formerly Rector of this parish, as its first Master, and Olive Wagstaff, a member of our congregation, as a member of the lay community based there until it was supplanted. The story is told in more detail here. In a further twist, the Danish Church - which had once been in Wellclose Square - took over the vacated church of St Katharine in Regent's Park in 1952 and remains based there.

St Katharine's Dock was never a huge commercial success, and it merged with the London Docks, with joint offices in Leadenhall Street in 1866. (The main entrance to Daniel Asher Alexander's two 1805 Customs & Excise offices, one with upper floor extension c1840 - left - enclosed by the main dock wall, can still be seen on the corner of East Smithfield and Thomas More Street.) Right are two views of the main dock gate, the second from 1964.

See here for a sequence of 19th century accounts of London and St Katharine's Docks, complete with facts and figures and a wealth of other detail.  Having been heavily bombed, St Katharine's Dock was the first part of the area to be redeveloped for housing and leisure - the site was sold to the Greater London Council for £1.7m and Taylor Woodrow won the contract for the work [right - 1975, 1976 & 1977]. One of the few remaining buildings is...

Ivory House, at the centre of the St Katharine's site, a fine Italiante building with a clock tower designed in 1854 by George Aitchison (1792-1861, father and trainer of a more famous architect son). Hither were brought, in a shameful 'colonial carnage' from Kenya and Tanganyika

Within the former London Docks complex, on the south side of

Importing tobacco
Tobacco was introduced from the new colony of Virginia in the early 17th century and became popular, for smoking, chewing and sniffing (snuff). Successive governments were keen to raise revenue from it, and by the early 19th century the duty paid ran into millions. It was shipped from America in 350-ton vessels, packed into large hogsheads of 1,200lb each, and stored in bonded warehouses until the duty was paid. Pictured right - dock traffic on Whitechapel High Street 1899.

The Great Tobacco Warehouse (later known as the Queen's Warehouse) off Pennington Street, at the centre of the London Docks complex, was built between 1811-14, designed by David Asher Alexander, architect and surveyor to Trinity House. (Alexander also designed the houses at Wapping Pierhead, and further afield Dartmoor Prison - where his applied his experience in creating a fortress site - and the Old Light at Lundy.) He used the latest technology to create an elegant series of parallel glazed roofs with timber queen-post trusses, supported every 54' by slender cast iron columns with two scarf joints in each tie member. Cast iron raking struts (bent to follow compression forces - another innovative feature) supported every other roof truss and at right angles Y-form struts carried the timber bolster of the roof's continuous valley gutter, with a hollow column acting as a rainwater pipe in each third bay.

The tobacco warehouses were immense, covering nearly 5 acres (21,000 square metres) and capable of storing 24,000 hogsheads, with a value of £4.8m in the 1840s. The main warehouse was 762' long and 160' wide, equally divided by a partition wall with double iron doors. A smaller warehouse, for fine tobacco, was 250' by 200', and there was a cigar floor, capable of holding 1500 chests. The hogsheads were piled two high in long ranges intersected by passages and alleys, with spaces between for Customs officers, who managed its operations: the premises were rented by the government, at £14,000 a year. A massive exterior brick wall defended the site to the north (Pennington Street) and east (Old Gravel, now Wapping, Lane): theft was always a problem.

The Queen's Pipe

Cigar making
Cigar makers  – many of whom were Dutch  – worked from 8am to 7pm, or with overtime up to 11pm, with half an hour for lunch and a half day on Saturday; they earned between 4/- and 14/- a week. They worked speedily, spreading a leaf of tobacco and making gashes in it, then taking fragments of tobacco leaf and rolling it up, cutting it against a guide to a given length and finally taking a narrow strip of leaf, rolling the cigar into a spiral and twisting it at one end. In due course women were employed in this work (see here, for example).

In the 1860s, before the arrival of Polish and other Eastern European Jews who worked in the the rag trade, the tobacco industry was the chief employer of Jewish immigrants in the East End. See Israel Sangwill's 1892 novel Children of the Ghetto (p14) for a description of the 'Dutch Tenters' (the district in Spitalfields where most Dutch Jewry lived).

Wines & Spirits
The vaults beneath, with chamfered granite columns under finely-executed brick groins, connected with a 20 acre 'subterranean city' for the storage of wines and spirits, where they could mature at a stable temperature of 60° – so the pungent aroma of tobacco was mixed with that of wine. There was storage for 8m gallons of wine. On 30 June1849 the Dock contained 14,783 pipes of port; 13,107 hogsheads of sherry; 64 pipes of French wine; 796 pipes of Cap wine; 7607 cases of wine, containing 19,140 dozen; 10,113 hogsheads of brandy; and 3642 pipes of rum. The London Dock Company issued permits to visit the vaults (ladies are not admitted after 1pm), and wine merchants provided visitors with 'tasting orders' to sample wines and spirits.  Later, from the 1860s, the ground floor of the warehouse was predominantly used for wool, furs and skins – hence the name 'Skin Floor' – and cork and molasses. Only four acres of these vaults survive.

The Covent Garden of the East End?
In 1969 the Docks finally closed to shipping and the land became derelict. By the 1980s only the Skin Floor warehouse, with six bays totalling 80,000 square feet  – two-fifths of the original tobacco complex – was standing; it was a Grade 1 listed building. In consort with the London Docklands Development Corporation who owned the site, Brian Jackson and Lawrie Cohen conceived a shopping centre with specialist outlets as well as high street names, and other tourist attractions, to rival Covent Garden (and three times its size, with 160,000 square feet of lettable accomodation for 50+ tenants). It was hoped that this would attract wealthy people to live and shop in the area, and create 800 jobs, 75% of which might go to local people. The architect was the postmodernist (now Sir) Terry Farrell, and the engineer Ove Arup. Honouring the engineering achievement of the past, they carefully restored what remained of the original structure (dismantling a whole bay on the west side and re-erecting it on the east, to preserve it) and within it created unapologetically contemporary walkways with glass, steel and cast-iron façades for the shops. Fire regulations, requiring one hour's fire resistance, presented a difficulty with the timberwork of the roof: Farrell resisted thick mastic fire-retarding paint because it would have blurred the sections, and a thin intumescent film, carefully monitored and maintained, was eventually agreed: see further David Pearce Conservation Today (Routledge 1989). The total cost was reported as £47m, though some claim it was less.

The new-look Tobacco Dock opened in 1989 – an inauspicious time, as recession was soon to bite. Within a year of opening some shops were closing down because they had too little business and rents were too high. By the middle of the decade all the chain stores had gone. The dream had failed: the area was not a recognised tourist or retail venue, and public transport connections were inadequate (they have now improved since the East London Line became part of London Overground):  see further C.M. Hall & S. Page The Geography of Tourism and Recreation (Routledge 1999). The development went into receivership, leaving only one outlet, the Frank & Stein sandwich shop, which continued to serve the lunchtime trade. But the site is still maintained, with cleaners, security staff and (it is said) even a kestrel to chase away pigeons. The Rough Guide to London describes the development as 'kitsch', and comments tartly The locals would probably prefer another superstore, while the rest of London wouldn't dream of coming out here.

See here for details of two fibreglass statues included inside - first left shows their location. Outside, two replica ships are moored on the ornamental canal (all that is left of the dock basin). The Three Sisters [second left] is a copy of a 330 ton ship built at Blackwall Yard in 1788, which traded until 1854, taking manufactured goods to the East & West Indies and returned with tobacco & spices. The Sea Lark [right] is a copy of an 18th century American built schooner, which ran the blockade and was captured by the Admiralty during the Anglo-American War in 1812-14. When open, the former told the story of piracy and the latter showcased Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped.

In 1996 consent was given to Smith Lance Larcade & Bechtol to create a cinema multiplex and car park on the adjacent lot, between Tobacco Dock and The Highway, and in 1998 consent was acquired to link this to Tobacco Dock by a footbridge. In 1999 consent was refused to SLLB for a seven-storey shopping development, and in this year the site was acquired by Messila House, the UK representative agency of the Kuwaiti Commercial Real Estate Centre (established in 1973 by the late Mubarak Abdul Aziz al Hassawi; it is said that the unanimous consent of over 30 family members is needed for any new scheme). Permission for a similar scheme was again refused in 2007. Meanwhile, In 2003 English Heritage placed Tobacco Dock, a Grade I listed building, on their Heritage at Risk register. Concern had mounted, both on heritage and regeneration grounds, that this important structure was left idle, and local people and others continue to press for a viable scheme that will bring benefit to the area. See here for the latest proposals for the adjacent site on The Highway.

The building was sporadically used for corporate events, such as the Vodafone and ABN AMRO annual staff party in 2005, and various post-première film parties. In 2004 it was used as the studios of the Channel 4 reality tv show